TXT In plain English
Company description
FDM GROUP LIMITED is a UK company whose Companies House status is “Active” and whose registered company type is “Private Limited Company”. Incorporated on 25 September 1990; registered for 36 years; registered office reported in LONDON. Its primary declared activity is 62020 · Information technology consultancy activities, with 2 additional SIC activities reported.
This BritDB profile also contains linked public records: 1 PSC record, 25 procurement records. This description is assembled from public data, is not a reliability assessment, and should be checked against the cited sources before a legally significant decision.
Web facts are never added from a name match alone. Internet enrichment requires the exact Companies House ID in Wikidata, and ambiguous results are excluded.
01 Company overview
Identity and registration
- Official name
- FDM GROUP LIMITED
- Company number
- 02542980
- Company type
- Private Limited Company
- Status
- Active
- Country of origin
- United Kingdom
- Dissolution date
- Not supplied
- Accounts category
- AUDIT EXEMPTION SUBSIDIARY
- Mortgage charges
- 9 total · 0 outstanding · 9 satisfied
- Limited partnership members
- 0 general · 0 limited
A registered office is not necessarily a trading location. The address is reproduced from the Companies House bulk record and should be interpreted in that legal context.
02 Filing dates
Accounts and statements
Last accounts made up to
31 December 2025Next accounts due
30 September 2027Last statement made up to
26 August 2026Next statement due
9 September 2027BritDB does not infer overdue status when the source does not state it.
03 Workforce reporting
Gender pay gap
- Median bonus gap
- -16.3%
- Mean bonus gap
- 10.2%
- Women receiving bonus
- 68.2%
- Men receiving bonus
- 68.7%
- Women in top quartile
- 38.3%
- Women in upper middle quartile
- 36.7%
- Women in lower middle quartile
- 28.1%
- Women in lower quartile
- 39.9%
Earlier reporting years (8)
- 1000 to 4999-5.1% median hourly gap
- 1000 to 4999-4.3% median hourly gap
- 1000 to 4999-4.3% median hourly gap
- 5000 to 19,999-9.6% median hourly gap
- 5000 to 19,999-2.1% median hourly gap
- 1000 to 4999-1.7% median hourly gap
- 1000 to 49990.0% median hourly gap
- 1000 to 49990.0% median hourly gap
Positive gaps mean men were paid more; negative gaps mean women were paid more. These figures are employer-reported and describe the workforce distribution, not equal pay for the same job. The company link uses the exact Companies House number supplied by the service.
04 Supplier payments
Payment practices and performance
- Reporting period
- 1 January 2026 – 30 June 2026
- Filed
- 29 July 2026
- Shortest standard term
- 30 days
- Longest standard term
- Not supplied
- E-invoicing offered
- No
- Supply-chain finance
- Not offered
- Payment codes
- No
- Construction retentions
- No qualifying construction contracts
Complete reported payment fields
- Policy regime
- Regime-3
- Financial period started
- 1 January 2026
- Qualifying contracts
- Yes
- Payments made
- Yes
- Invoice value paid within 30 days
- £4,427,939
- Invoice value paid in 31–60 days
- £2,041,216
- Invoice value paid after 60 days
- £114,695
- Invoice value paid outside agreed terms
- £30,982
- Invoices paid in 31–60 days
- 5.0%
- Invoices unpaid due to dispute
- 0.0%
- Maximum contractual payment period
- 77 days
- Supplier-list charging policy
- No
- Supplier-list charges made
- No
Reported terms and dispute process
- Standard payment terms
We aim to abide by the terms provided by our suppliers. Typically, this is 30 days from date of invoice. Our contractors are paid in line with the Contractors’ Payment Schedule, whilst our credit card purchases (predominantly for travel) are treated as paid immediately.
- Dispute resolution process
Disputes and complaints should be directed to our Accounts Payable Team who are able to resolve the majority of queries. There is an escalation route available through the Group Financial Controller.
It is rare for there to be ongoing disputes and these are handled on a case-by-case basis. The Accounts Payable Team can assist by email, please refer to the contact details below:
Accounts Payable Department - accountspayable@fdmgroup.com
Earlier payment reports (11 shown)
- 9.0 average days to pay6.0% outside terms
- 10.0 average days to pay7.0% outside terms
- 10.0 average days to pay4.0% outside terms
- 13.0 average days to pay7.0% outside terms
- 11.0 average days to pay4.0% outside terms
- 10.0 average days to pay4.0% outside terms
- 10.0 average days to pay9.0% outside terms
- 16.0 average days to pay15.0% outside terms
- 14.0 average days to pay15.0% outside terms
- 22.0 average days to pay27.0% outside terms
- 19.0 average days to pay19.0% outside terms
This is a company-submitted statutory disclosure, not a credit rating. BritDB preserves the reporting period and links the report only through the Companies House number supplied by the official service. Percentages describe payments made during that period and may change in later reports.
05 Global legal identity
Legal Entity Identifier
FDM GROUP LIMITED
LEI 213800A2TIRNFIQ7WA20 · jurisdiction GB
- Legal form
- H0PO
- Entity category
- GENERAL
- Entity created
- 25 September 1990
- Initial LEI registration
- 19 February 2014
- LEI last updated
- 3 March 2026
- Next renewal
- 3 March 2027
- Managing LOU
- 213800WAVVOPS85N2205
- Legal address
- 3RD FLOOR, COTTONS CENTRE, COTTONS LANE, LONDON, GB-LND, SE1 2QG, GB
- Headquarters address
- 3RD FLOOR, COTTONS CENTRE, COTTONS LANE, LONDON, GB-LND, SE1 2QG, GB
GLEIF Level 2 relationships
IS DIRECTLY CONSOLIDATED BY
From LEI 213800A2TIRNFIQ7WA20 to LEI 213800YR62D7GUZLMZ71
- Related legal entity
- FDM GROUP (HOLDINGS) PLC →
- Initial registration
- 19 February 2014
- Last updated
- 3 March 2026
- Next renewal
- 3 March 2027
- Validation sources
- FULLY_CORROBORATED
- Validation documents
- ACCOUNTS_FILING
- Relationship periods
- Start: 2023-01-01T00:00:00Z; End: 2023-12-31T00:00:00Z; Type: ACCOUNTING_PERIOD; Start: 2014-02-19T00:00:00Z; Type: RELATIONSHIP_PERIOD
- Qualifiers
- Dimension: ACCOUNTING_STANDARD; Category: IFRS
- Validation reference
- https://find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk/company/02542980/filing-history/MzQyNTY3MjYyNmFkaXF6a2N4/document?format=pdf&download=0
IS ULTIMATELY CONSOLIDATED BY
From LEI 213800A2TIRNFIQ7WA20 to LEI 213800YR62D7GUZLMZ71
- Related legal entity
- FDM GROUP (HOLDINGS) PLC →
- Initial registration
- 19 February 2014
- Last updated
- 3 March 2026
- Next renewal
- 3 March 2027
- Validation sources
- FULLY_CORROBORATED
- Validation documents
- ACCOUNTS_FILING
- Relationship periods
- Start: 2023-01-01T00:00:00Z; End: 2023-12-31T00:00:00Z; Type: ACCOUNTING_PERIOD; Start: 2014-02-19T00:00:00Z; Type: RELATIONSHIP_PERIOD
- Qualifiers
- Dimension: ACCOUNTING_STANDARD; Category: IFRS
- Validation reference
- https://find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk/company/02542980/filing-history/MzQyNTY3MjYyNmFkaXF6a2N4/document?format=pdf&download=0
LEI data provides global legal identity and source-reported relationships, not a credit or regulatory approval. BritDB links Level 1 identities only through GLEIF’s Companies House registration-authority identifier and exact company number; Level 2 parent and fund relationships and reporting exceptions are reproduced as supplied by GLEIF.
06 Supply-chain transparency
Modern slavery statement
- Organisation
- FDM GROUP LIMITED
- Group submission
- Yes
- Parent organisation
- FDM GROUP (HOLDINGS) PLC
- Statement period
- 1 January 2023 – 31 December 2023
- Approved
- 30 January 2024
- Sectors
- Information technology and telecommunication
Organisation structure
Covered in the statement
Policies
Covered in the statement
Risk assessment
Covered in the statement
Due diligence
Covered in the statement
Training
Covered in the statement
Goals and KPIs
Covered in the statement
Full statement information supplied to the registry
- Reported turnover band
- £100 million to £500 million
- Years producing statements
- More than 5 years
- ILO indicators included
- Not answered
- Registry record updated
- 3 May 2024
Training described
Your whole organisation
Worker engagement and working conditions
Workers within your organisation
A registry entry records what the organisation declared in its statement. It is not an independent audit. Group statements can cover several companies; BritDB preserves each exact source-supplied company-number link and excludes approver names and email addresses.
07 Data protection
ICO fee-payer registration
FDM Group Limited
Registration Z5185743
- Registered from
- 10 January 2001
- Current end date
- 9 January 2027
This is a candidate association, not an official Companies House link. The ICO file supplies no company number. The organisation name and postcode uniquely matched this company in the current snapshot. BritDB excludes all DPO contact fields and does not publish unmatched personal entries.
08 Public procurement
Contracts Finder awards
IS Delivery Partner
Transport For Greater Manchester · ocds-b5fd17-624ed280-29d5-473e-a1ba-1bb414319427
- Supplier named in award
- FDM GROUP LIMITED
- Award value
- £210,000
- Contract period
- 12 February 2024 – 18 May 2024
- Published
- 7 May 2024
- Procedure
- Call-off from a framework agreement
- Main CPV
- 72222300
- Source release ID
- ocds-b5fd17-624ed280-29d5-473e-a1ba-1bb414319427-2024-05-07T15:23:34+01:00
Cloud Based Support
East Sussex County Council · ocds-b5fd17-db4e979f-2d49-478c-afa6-65d9e4880427
- Supplier named in award
- FDM GROUP LIMITED
- Award value
- £450,000
- Contract period
- 28 November 2022 – 27 November 2024
- Published
- 19 December 2022
- Procedure
- Call-off from a framework agreement
- Main CPV
- 72600000
- Source release ID
- ocds-b5fd17-db4e979f-2d49-478c-afa6-65d9e4880427-2022-12-19T09:54:43Z
CES PSO Support
Defence Digital · ocds-b5fd17-8292444a-19b6-48ae-a261-511708921c92
- Supplier named in award
- FDM GROUP LIMITED
- Award value
- £132,810
- Contract period
- 20 September 2022 – 19 September 2024
- Published
- 2 November 2022
- Procedure
- Call-off from a framework agreement
- Main CPV
- 72000000
- Source release ID
- ocds-b5fd17-8292444a-19b6-48ae-a261-511708921c92-2022-11-02T09:33:46Z
Application Development and Software Programming
Department for Business, Energy & Industrial Strategy · ocds-b5fd17-2128f36c-4072-407f-a050-f34f24a4f99c
- Supplier named in award
- FDM GROUP LIMITED
- Award value
- £750,000
- Contract period
- 10 February 2022 – 9 February 2024
- Published
- 23 February 2022
- Procedure
- Call-off from a framework agreement
- Main CPV
- 72200000
- Source release ID
- ocds-b5fd17-2128f36c-4072-407f-a050-f34f24a4f99c-2022-02-23T11:01:07Z
DWP IT User Support Service
Department for Work and Pensions · ocds-b5fd17-9d818923-66a1-4127-9b7d-87b31e778158
- Supplier named in award
- FDM ltd
- Award value
- £699,192
- Contract period
- 1 September 2021 – 31 December 2021
- Published
- 4 November 2021
- Procedure
- Call-off from a framework agreement
- Main CPV
- 72000000
- Source release ID
- ocds-b5fd17-9d818923-66a1-4127-9b7d-87b31e778158-2021-11-04T10:24:42Z
IT Service Management Services 2
STUDENT LOANS COMPANY LIMITED · ocds-b5fd17-c94d7151-9e82-4885-a662-fd5ad8fa3b8b
- Supplier named in award
- FDM Group Ltd
- Award value
- £990,000
- Contract period
- 13 August 2021 – 31 March 2022
- Published
- 14 September 2021
- Procedure
- Call-off from a framework agreement
- Main CPV
- 79900000
- Source release ID
- ocds-b5fd17-c94d7151-9e82-4885-a662-fd5ad8fa3b8b-2021-09-14T14:29:20+01:00
DWP Digital IT Support
Department for Work and Pensions · ocds-b5fd17-d3b18988-d85b-4f38-b6ac-7e8e5583971e
- Supplier named in award
- FDM Group Limited
- Award value
- £1,436,088
- Contract period
- 1 August 2021 – 31 March 2022
- Published
- 18 November 2021
- Procedure
- Call-off from a framework agreement
- Main CPV
- 72000000
- Source release ID
- ocds-b5fd17-d3b18988-d85b-4f38-b6ac-7e8e5583971e-2021-11-18T14:21:34Z
Managed Services ITSM/Development/PSO
Business Energy and Industrial Strategy · ocds-b5fd17-cc8fa81f-705a-4bcc-8cf1-e3cbf3b1cac8
- Supplier named in award
- FDM GROUP LIMITED
- Award value
- £126,440
- Contract period
- 19 July 2021 – 18 July 2023
- Published
- 26 August 2021
- Procedure
- Call-off from a framework agreement
- Main CPV
- 72000000
- Source release ID
- ocds-b5fd17-cc8fa81f-705a-4bcc-8cf1-e3cbf3b1cac8-2021-08-26T16:04:42+01:00
NHSR_81 Provision of Specialist staff to cover IT BAU
NHS Resolution · ocds-b5fd17-629914ce-7169-43d4-8a5f-580d22e3836e
- Supplier named in award
- FDM Group
- Award value
- £137,000
- Contract period
- 14 June 2021 – 17 December 2021
- Published
- 3 September 2021
- Procedure
- Award of contract without prior publication of a contract notice
- Main CPV
- 72222000
- Source release ID
- ocds-b5fd17-629914ce-7169-43d4-8a5f-580d22e3836e-2021-09-03T17:45:10+01:00
NHSR_81 Provision of Specialist staff to cover IT BAU
NHS Resolution · ocds-b5fd17-0dc61f99-dbe9-46b8-9fdd-14c8c34fd1bf
- Supplier named in award
- Fdm Group
- Award value
- £136,895
- Contract period
- 14 June 2021 – 17 December 2021
- Published
- 2 September 2021
- Procedure
- Open procedure
- Main CPV
- 72222300
- Source release ID
- ocds-b5fd17-0dc61f99-dbe9-46b8-9fdd-14c8c34fd1bf-2021-09-02T17:45:06+01:00
NHSR_76 IT Service Delivery Support
NHS Resolution · ocds-b5fd17-d883f764-e286-440f-9f23-630171d09da8
- Supplier named in award
- Fdm Group
- Award value
- £55,000
- Contract period
- 26 April 2021 – 26 October 2021
- Published
- 23 April 2021
- Procedure
- Open procedure
- Main CPV
- 72222300
- Source release ID
- ocds-b5fd17-d883f764-e286-440f-9f23-630171d09da8-2021-04-23T17:45:12+01:00
IT Service Management
STUDENT LOANS COMPANY LIMITED · ocds-b5fd17-902a268b-0fc9-4aa8-9357-9d6d0cc52132
- Supplier named in award
- FDM GROUP LIMITED
- Award value
- £615,000
- Contract period
- 15 February 2021 – 14 August 2021
- Published
- 29 June 2021
- Procedure
- Call-off from a framework agreement
- Main CPV
- 72250000
- Source release ID
- ocds-b5fd17-902a268b-0fc9-4aa8-9357-9d6d0cc52132-2021-06-29T12:18:19+01:00
Emissions Trading PMRV Support Service
Business Energy and Industrial Strategy · ocds-b5fd17-af674edb-da11-45f6-8f66-678303857f92
- Supplier named in award
- FDM GROUP LIMITED
- Award value
- £750,000
- Contract period
- 1 February 2021 – 31 March 2022
- Published
- 22 March 2021
- Procedure
- Single tender action (below threshold)
- Main CPV
- 72000000
- Source release ID
- ocds-b5fd17-af674edb-da11-45f6-8f66-678303857f92-2021-03-22T09:45:57Z
DWP Digital IT Support
Department for Work and Pensions · ocds-b5fd17-f0e18c09-5853-4a00-b673-c219fab343e4
- Supplier named in award
- FDM Group Limited
- Award value
- £2,096,852
- Contract period
- 31 January 2021 – 31 July 2021
- Published
- 24 March 2021
- Procedure
- Call-off from a framework agreement
- Main CPV
- 72000000
- Source release ID
- ocds-b5fd17-f0e18c09-5853-4a00-b673-c219fab343e4-2021-03-24T10:16:28Z
DWP Digital IT Support
Department for Work and Pensions · ocds-b5fd17-fff0bf6f-bf0f-44b2-bd57-98a4df5b748a
- Supplier named in award
- FDM Group Limited
- Award value
- £1,035,840
- Contract period
- 18 December 2020 – 31 March 2021
- Published
- 24 March 2021
- Procedure
- Call-off from a framework agreement
- Main CPV
- 72000000
- Source release ID
- ocds-b5fd17-fff0bf6f-bf0f-44b2-bd57-98a4df5b748a-2021-03-24T10:11:46Z
IT Support Services
Department for Work and Pensions · ocds-b5fd17-d7e7931c-4c3d-4122-9e70-b17020d18c2e
- Supplier named in award
- FDM Group
- Award value
- £1,985,018
- Contract period
- 1 April 2020 – 30 September 2020
- Published
- 20 May 2021
- Procedure
- Call-off from a framework agreement
- Main CPV
- 72000000
- Source release ID
- ocds-b5fd17-d7e7931c-4c3d-4122-9e70-b17020d18c2e-2021-05-20T16:36:15+01:00
FDM Business Analysis Support
Crown Commercial Service : Cabinet Office · ocds-b5fd17-795c6215-32c1-4143-a927-b62398208e5a
- Supplier named in award
- FDM Group Limited
- Award value
- £236,400
- Contract period
- 26 April 2019 – 30 October 2020
- Published
- 21 October 2020
- Procedure
- Call-off from a framework agreement
- Main CPV
- 72600000
- Source release ID
- ocds-b5fd17-795c6215-32c1-4143-a927-b62398208e5a-2020-10-21T10:40:19+01:00
IT Service Provider - Cloud Application Development
Hm Land Registry · ocds-b5fd17-c7f7813e-52b3-41c8-807c-3f9969cc53c9
- Supplier named in award
- FDM GROUP LIMITED
- Award value
- £0
- Contract period
- 3 May 2019 – 3 April 2021
- Published
- 27 June 2019
- Procedure
- Call-off from a framework agreement
- Main CPV
- 72000000
- Source release ID
- ocds-b5fd17-c7f7813e-52b3-41c8-807c-3f9969cc53c9-2019-06-27T14:41:50+01:00
Cloud Project Support Office Services
Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency · ocds-b5fd17-b8bade8a-5229-41d0-8cf9-155707d76c60
- Supplier named in award
- FDM GROUP LIMITED
- Award value
- £700,000
- Contract period
- 6 November 2018 – 5 November 2020
- Published
- 3 December 2018
- Procedure
- Call-off from a framework agreement
- Main CPV
- 72000000
- Source release ID
- ocds-b5fd17-b8bade8a-5229-41d0-8cf9-155707d76c60-2018-12-03T10:35:53Z
FDM six-month extension for staff, March 18 - August 18
HER MAJESTYS LAND REGISTRY · ocds-b5fd17-3d236c8b-38c3-43ff-97fa-729f1091d088
- Supplier named in award
- FDM GROUP LIMITED
- Award value
- £374,755
- Contract period
- 1 March 2018 – 3 August 2019
- Published
- 28 June 2018
- Procedure
- Call-off from a framework agreement
- Main CPV
- 72000000
- Source release ID
- ocds-b5fd17-3d236c8b-38c3-43ff-97fa-729f1091d088-2018-06-28T14:50:17+01:00
The supplier link is exact, but the award remains buyer-published procurement data. BritDB requires the GB-COH identifier supplied in the Contracts Finder OCDS release and does not infer suppliers from similar names.
09 Ownership and control
People with significant control
Astra 5.0 Limited
- Owns 75% or more of shares
- Controls 75% or more of voting rights
- Country registered
- England
- Legal authority
- Companies Act 2006
- Legal form
- Private Limited Company
- Place registered
- Registrar Of Companies (England And Wales)
- Registration number
- 06936835
- Notified
- 6 April 2016
PSC records are company-filed public-register information. When the exact same displayed individual name occurs at multiple companies, BritDB offers a non-indexed cross-reference page. It is a name match only, not proof that the records describe the same person. Service addresses and partial dates of birth are deliberately omitted.
10 Charity register
Charity Commission links
No exact company-number link in this snapshot
The Charity Commission extract did not explicitly associate this Companies House number with a charity. BritDB does not use a name-only match to fill the gap.
This company-level check covers the Charity Commission for England and Wales. Links are accepted only when the official extract supplies this exact company registration number. Scottish charities now have separate OSCR profiles, but OSCR’s bulk fields do not provide a Companies House number, so BritDB does not infer a company link.
11 Northern Ireland charity register
CCNI exact company links
No unambiguous company-number link found
The CCNI source number did not resolve uniquely to this Companies House record. BritDB did not use a name or address match.
CCNI publishes company numbers without a jurisdiction prefix. BritDB links only when the plausible padded UK and NI candidates resolve to exactly one Companies House company.
12 Sanctions screening
UK Sanctions List
No exact business-registration-number link found
The imported UK Sanctions List did not supply this Companies House number as a UK-linked business identifier. BritDB did not attempt a name-only match.
No exact link is not sanctions clearance. UK restrictions can apply through ownership or control even where an entity is not separately named. Always use the current official list and obtain appropriate advice for a legally significant decision.
13 Public procurement
Find a Tender links
Digital Outcomes and Specialists 7
Crown Commercial Service · updated 9 September 2026
- Tender value
- £12,000,000,000
- Awards
- 4
Technology Services 4
Crown Commercial Service · updated 9 September 2026
- Tender value
- £16,000,000,000
- Awards
- 9
DDaT26286 - Future Customer Management System (EARS) Discovery Project - FCMD
Advisory, Conciliation and Arbitration Service · updated 11 August 2026
- Tender value
- Not supplied
- Awards
- 1
System Test Platform
University of Bradford · updated 23 December 2025
- Tender value
- Not supplied
- Awards
- 1
Technology Transformation & Delivery Framework Contract Award
BANK OF ENGLAND · updated 15 December 2025
- Tender value
- £180,000,000
- Awards
- 16
These links use only the GB-COH identifier supplied in the procurement record. A company may have other public-sector work that is absent, older, below publication thresholds or published without a Companies House identifier.
14 Environmental register
Environment Agency waste registrations
No exact company-number registration linked
The licensed Environment Agency subset did not contain this exact Companies House number. BritDB did not attempt a name-only match.
This is a privacy-reduced, exact-company subset. The full official register also includes sole traders and applicants without a matching Companies House number. Check the current Environment Agency register before relying on registration status.
15 Nature of business
Standard Industrial Classification
Other information technology service activities
Temporary employment agency activities
16 Connected public record
Checks beyond the company register
Charity Commission
0 exact company-number links.
Northern Ireland charities
0 unambiguous company-number links.
Public contracts
5 procurement processes linked by exact GB-COH identifier.
Waste register
0 exact company-number registrations.
Corporate notices
The Gazette is not yet connected.
UK Sanctions List
No exact business-registration-number link in this report.
A checked source with no exact link is not a clean bill of health. Unchecked sources remain unknown, while sanctions may also apply through ownership or control of a listed person or entity.
17 Record timeline
Dates in the bulk record
- Detected change
Confirmation statement due date: 2026-09-09 → 2027-09-09
- Confirmation statement
Latest confirmation statement made up to this date
- Accounts
Latest accounts made up to this date
- Incorporation
Company incorporated
18 Provenance
Sources for this profile
Identity, address, status, dates, SIC, previous names and mortgage totals.
Annual employer reports linked by the exact source-supplied Companies House number.
Statutory supplier-payment reports linked by the exact source-supplied Companies House number.
Global legal identities linked through Companies House registration authority RA000585.
Annual statement summaries linked by exact source company number.
Privacy-reduced candidate associations based on a unique exact name-and-postcode match.
Historic awards linked by exact source-supplied GB-COH company identifier.
Current and ceased significant-control records joined by exact company number.
Daily England and Wales extract matched only by the official company registration number.
Daily CCNI export with company links only where the source number resolves unambiguously.
Complete FCDO list checked by exact UK-linked business registration number.
Procurement parties checked only through exact GB-COH identifiers.
Licensed subset linked only by exact Companies House number.
Financial regulation and licences.
Companies House, Charity Commission, OSCR and UK Sanctions List information is public-register data. BritDB reproduces and organises it with source-specific limits; official external links are kept on the dedicated source pages.